Labour Economics - 6478 Words

LABOUR ECONOMICS Q2. Define â€Å"Labour Economics†. Explain the nature and scope of Labour Economics. Explain the characteristics of Labour? Labour Economics:- Ans: - â€Å"Labour Economics may be defined as a study of the organization, institutions and behavior of the labour market in an industrising or industrial economy†. According to Dole Yoder:â€Å"Labour economics or manpower economics is primarily concerned with efficient utilization and conservation of manpower and resources. It studies and seeks to understand the processes by which manpower is applied and utilized in modern society. It is concerned of natural resources in the land†. Scope of Labour Economics:Labour economics has to deal with may be stated as manpower planning, labour†¦show more content†¦7. The marginal productivity of labour is comparatively less than capital. 8. Finally, labour is a living thing and that makes all the differences. LABOUR ECONOMICS(Page 3) Name : (PL. FILL IN), Enrolment No.( PL. FILL IN) Q3. What is meant by the term wages? How would you distinguish between ‘Nominal Wages’ and ‘Real Wages’? Explain the factors influencing real wages. Wages:- Ans: - The price paid for the services of labours in production is called wages. The labourer is generally paid a certain sum of money per day or week or month. Beham defined a wage as â€Å"A sum of money paid under contract by an employer to a worker for services rendered†. However, in economics, payment made for all kinds of services, whether by way of salaries or in any other way is included in wages. Differences between Nominal wages and Real wages:Nominal Wages:The amount of money that a labourer gets in exchange of his services is called money wages or nominal wages. If a labourer gets Rs.200, a day for his work, his money or nominal wages will be Rs. 200. However, mere money payment does not reflect the real earnings of the labourer. They do not reveal the standard of living or the goods and services which labourer can buy and consume. Real Wages:The amount of goods and services that labourer can get with his nominal wages is called real wages. Real wages refer to the goods a nd services, which the money wages can buy, and advantages and disadvantages associatedShow MoreRelatedLabour Economics5713 Words   |  23 PagesLABOUR ECONOMICS Q2.Define â€Å"Labour Economics†. Explain the nature and scopeof Labour Economics. Explain the characteristics of  Labour? Ans: -Labour Economics:- â€Å"Labour Economics may be defined as a study of theorganization, institutions and behavior of the labour market in anindustrising or industrial economy†. According to Dole Yoder:- â€Å"Labour economics or manpower economics is primarilyconcerned with efficient utilization and conservation of  manpower and resources. It studies and seeks to understandRead MoreLabour Market Dynamics, Unemployment And Economic Growth Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesLABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS, UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN GHANA INTRODUCTION Owing to a GDP rebasing in 2011, Ghana became the fastest growing economy in the world with a GDP growth pinned at 20%, the largest per capita income in West Africa and the 21st in the continent. Ghana joined the league of oil producing countries in December 2010 with 85,000 barrels of crude oil in a day . Fiscal deficit fell from 5.9% of GDP in 2010 to an estimated 4.3% in 2011 due to strong revenue performance . DespiteRead MoreSocio-Economic Inequality in South Africa is Due to the Institutionalised Ideological Mismatch Regarding Labour and Economic Policy1665 Words   |  7 PagesSocio-economic inequality in South Africa is due to the institutionalised ideological mismatch regarding labour and economic policy Economic growth is shaped by policy context and promoted most effectively when it is consistent with either liberal market or co-ordinated market ideal type varieties of Capitalism. Policy inconsistency dampers economic growth post-apartheid South Africa attempted to adopt a social-democratic and co-ordinated variety of Capitalism. This failed due to the adoptionRead MoreWhat Is Economics? What Role Does the Division of Labour Play in Defining This Subject Matter?880 Words   |  4 Pagessubject matter of economics? What role does the â€Å"division of labour† play in defining this subject matter? Quoting Michael Yates, â€Å"The subject matter of economics is the production and distribution of output†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yates, 2003). So what does this say to me? Simplifying, this says to me that Economics is a way of explaining the world. With studies dating as far back as Aristotle’s interest in the various forms of state, how can one ever fully understand the complexities of economic thought and howRead MoreSweatshops : Positive Deviancy And Global Labour Practices And The Ethical And Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor1675 Words   |  7 PagesDeviancy and Global Labour Practices and The Ethical and Economic Case Against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment. The former was authored in July 2005 by Denis Arnold and Laura Hartman. The latter was written in September 2011 by Benjamin Powell and Matt Zwolinski. The authors of both works are undeniably qualified and are experts in their respective fields. The credibility of both Beyond Sweatshops: Positive Deviancy and Global Labour Practices and The Ethical and Economic Case Against SweatshopRead MoreChild Labour Is A Socio Economic Problem2333 Words   |  10 Pages CONTENTS PAGE NO CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LABOUR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3-5 CHAPTER-II OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 RESEARCH DESIGN †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 CHAPTER-III DATA INTERPRETATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10-19 CHAPTER-IV FINDINGS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreWith the recent economic the labour market is in labour shortage status, every industry is600 Words   |  3 Pages With the recent economic the labour market is in labour shortage status, every industry is searching for people to work for their company. A company without employees, the operation is unable to run, as the general said employees are the biggest asset in every company. An employer with a respectable reputation or brand may not be the smartest choice to hire an ex convict, but from a business point of view the finance and workplace benefits are worth the risk to employ the single. InRead MoreAssess the Likely Impact of Uk Government Labour Market Policies on Any Three Macro-Economic Objectives. Refer to the Information and to Your Own Knowledge703 Words   |  3 PagesGovernment labour market policies on any three macro-economic objectives. Refer to the information and to your own knowledge (30) Labour market policies are government programmes that intervene in the labour market to help the unemployed find work. The three macro-economic policies I am going to look at are: full employment, steady sustainable economic growth and low inflation. Full employment is the point in an economy, where everyone who is willing and able to work is in a job. A labour market policyRead MoreLabour Market Need 1234 Words   |  5 Pagesfor these outcomes is a labour market need for migrant workers to fill jobs that indigenous workers reject (Fellini et al., 2007; Massey et al., 1998; Piore, 1979). However, this is not a spontaneous process and it is important to recognize the role played by labour market actors, particularly employers (or their agents) and the state (Bach, 2007; Rodriguez, 2004). Employers engage in active recruitment strategies to attract immigrant workers already in national labour markets or to recruit directlyRead MoreHuman Resource Planning1429 Words   |  6 Pagesexternal to an organization that affect the organization’ performance but are beyond the immediate control of an organization. An external force that influences the management especially HR planning because each organization must draw from the same labour market that supplies all other employers. The impacts of environmental changes on business consider the following: a. Decentralization – transferring responsibilities and decision making authority from a central office to people and locations

What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline

Essays on What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How Outline The paper "What Factors That Influence Exchange Rates and How?" is a perfect example of an outline on macro and microeconomics. The health of the economy is determined by a country’s exchange rates. However, exchange rates are widely influenced by different factors. Surprisingly, the rates vary from country to country and for any given currency, over time. A. Thesis statement Demand and supply, meaningfully, are the key determiners of the exchange rate. The great demand for goods tends to call for the increased value of the currency. 2. BODYI) Factors That Influence Exchange RatesA. InflationChanges in market demand cause a change in currency exchange rates. A country that experiences low inflation rates often enables an appreciation in the value of its currency (Compare Remit, 2015). Where inflation is low, the prices of goods and services increase at a slower rate. For instance, if the inflation is low in the US, its export will be competitive thus increase in demand. In this case, their imports will be less competitive hence little demand for imports.B. Interest ratesChanges in interest rates influence currency value. The increased rate affects a country’s currency. Higher interests invite higher rates to lenders thus attracting more foreign capital (World’s Leading Macroeconomic Survey Firm, 2015). For instance, if US interest rates rise relative to elsewhere, it will attract more investors to deposit in US banks. The value of the dollar will increase. C. SpeculationHere, speculators make the substantial thought that there would raise in the currency in the future (CompareRemit, 2015). Therefore, there would be more demand now to make more profit. This increase in demand will cause the value to rise. D. Government InterventionChina is one of the countries that undervalue its currency to make Chinese products more competitive (Economics. Help, 2013). Usually, they do this by buying US dollar assets hence increases the value of the Dollar to Yuan.

Aztecs (1473 words) Essay Example For Students

Aztecs (1473 words) Essay AztecsThe AztecsAround 1168 AD, a Nahua tribe called the Aztecs left their mysterious homeland known as Aztl?n and migrated south to Central Valley. At first the Aztecs were practically enslaved by the other Nahua tribe, but they continued to struggle for power. By the 1300s the Aztecs had founded two different settlements on Islands in lakes. These places are known as Tlaltetalco and Tenochtitl?n. By the 15th century Tenochtitl?n was the center of the Aztec world. By the 16th century Tenochtitl?n dominated all the other cities in Central Valley. The middle of the Aztec Empire was near the Lerma River. This plateau is made up of five different sections; the volcanic axis lies across the southern part of the plateau. This area still has active volcanoes; they receive a lot of rain and have fertile soil. The bajio is located just north of the volcanic axis; it has an average elevation of 7,000 feet. This is where the Aztec capital Tenochtitl?n was located. Accounting for more than half of the plateau is the Mesa Del notre. The Mesa Del notre has an average elevation of 9,000 feet. Along the western ridge of the plateau is the Sierra Madre Occidental. The Sierra Madre Occidental is a long mountain chain that protected the Aztecs from outside invaders. Along the eastern side of the plateau is the Sierra Madre Oriental. The Aztec capital receives anywhere between 30 50 cm. Temperatures range from 10 15 degrees centigrade in winter, to 20 25 degrees centigrade in summer. Aztec society was divided into three classes, the slaves, the common people, and the nobility. The Slave class was mostly made up of criminals and POWs. Slaves could obtain freedom in two ways. The first was to buy it. The second way was to try to escape from their masters. If they reached the royal palace without being caught, they were immediately given their freedom. The commoners, also known as the Maceualtin were given ownership of a plot of land to build a house. The tlalmaitl were the lowest group of the commoners, and werent allowed to own any land Instead they were inhabit farmers. The nobility was made of people who were born nobles, priests, and warriors who earned their rank. The nobles served as officials, judges, and governors of conquered provinces. Nobility enjoyed special privileges like nice feather cloaks and gold jewelry. Family Life was very important to the Aztecs. The man of the house built the house and was a farmer of a craftsman. The woman prepared food, cared for children, made clothing, and looked after livestock. Barren women were looked down upon. At birth the midwife would give a speech while cutting the umbilical cord. She told the baby that he was going to be a warrior and feed enemies blood to the sun. Four days after birth the father called an astrologer, who told him the day that they should have the naming ceremony. Education was also very important to Aztecs. As children boys received instructions from the elders. They were taught the names of the things in the baskets they carried. They were also taught how to carry things for their mother and go to the market with their father. Girls were trained for marriage. They were shown how to weave a loom, how to make cloth to support the family. Self-control and discipline were taught at home and punishments were very severe. Children were sometimes beaten, or held over fire and made to inhale bitter smoke. Sometimes they were tied up naked and left of the wet ground for an entire day. .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .postImageUrl , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:hover , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:visited , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:active { border:0!important; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:active , .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u195f7a91882b17916459a2e2c3a67ddb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Foreign worker in malaysia EssayA rulers daughter had to walk around without picking up her head. Young unmarried woman needed permission to see their fathers. The parents of two families arranged weddings. The punishment for adultery was death by stoning or strangulation. The head of the Aztecs was known as the great speaker. A council of wise men in a democratic fashion decided his heir. The great speaker was the head of the government and the main priest. Aztec tribes were divided into families and clans. Each clan had elected officials and sent representatives to the council of the tribe. The council elected officials to govern the four quarters, or phratries that the city was organized in. The council elected the supreme chief who led the tribe in wars and alliances. A second chief was in charge of internal affairs. The chiefs were selected from powerful families. The Aztec government was an autocracy. The Aztecs ate mostly corn, which was ground into flour and made into tortillas. They also ate sage seeds, very spicy peepers, eggs, turkey, rabbit, dog, lizards, snails, and fish eggs. They drank mostly water, but on occasion they had beer. Nobility drank chocolate that was sweetened with honey. Mexicans today also include a lot of corn in their diets. Clothing indicated what class people belonged to. The rich had clothing made out of cotton, while the poorer had cheaper maguey fibers. The men wore a cloak that was tied on one shoulder, almost like a toga, and cloth on their hips. The woman wore sleeveless shirts and wraparound skirts. The Aztecs were warriors. In some ways it was connected to their religion. During was they captured prisoners for sacrifice, punish tributary tribes, and gain new land. Failure in battle was a disgrace and usually led to their sacrifice. Farmers grew corn, beans, avocados, squashes, potatoes and tomatoes. In the lowlands they grew cotton, papayas, and cacao. The Aztecs used the slash and burn method of farming. Farmers made huge irrigation systems. The marketplace was in the middle of Aztec life. The market Tlatelolco was the largest in the Americas. As many as 60,000 people visited the market in a single day. Everything was bought and sold in the market. The Aztecs bartered, and some believe that they used cacao as a form of money. The Aztecs invented the wheel but they didnt use it for transportation. Wheels were used in toys. They carried most things on their backs. Religion dominated Aztec life. The Aztecs were cannibals, and ate the flesh of their victims of war. They believed that they would absorb the virtues of the slain victims. The Aztecs performed human sacrifice. The most important form of sacrifice was tearing out the heart of the victim with a knife made of obsidian, volcanic glass. The sacrificed victims were thought to win a high place in paradise. Aztecs went after prisoners in war, rather than killing the enemy, because it allowed them to make more sacrifices. The Aztecs were polytheistic and worshiped gods who personified the forces of nature. The get help from the gods the Aztecs performed rituals and ceremonies. The head of all the Aztec gods was Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war. The Aztecs believed that if he fought the forces of darkness and regenerated in the morning. This is where the need for human sacrifice plays a role. The Aztecs believed that in order for Huitzilopochtli to continue fighting the forces of da rkness, he needed human sacrifices. Human sacrifice was very important because it kept the favor of the gods. Since life was mans most important possession, logically it would be the best gift for the gods. At the dedication of the great pyramid temple in Tenochtitl?n 20,000 POWs were sacrificed. The priests slid open the body and tore out the victims hearts. Some other gods were Taloc the god of rain, Tezcatlipoca the god of wind, and Quetzalcoatl. All the gods had their own ceremonies, prayers, sacrifices, and holidays. In the 16th century the Aztec Empire was at its peak. Under the rule of Montezuma the second, the Aztecs welcomed in the Spanish, led by Cortes. Later Montezuma plotted against Cortes and Cortes had him thrown in jail. The Aztecs revolted against the Spanish and during the revolt Montezuma was killed. In 1521 Cortes, with the aid of 1,000 Spanish soldiers and thousands of Indian allies defeated the Aztecs, and the Aztec Empire collapsed immediately. A myth tells us that the Aztecs only lost to the Spanish because the white people were gods. BibliographyAschmann, Homer. ?Mexico? World Book Encyclopedia. 1985 ed. .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .postImageUrl , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:hover , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:visited , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:active { border:0!important; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:active , .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u759e3d000929866b477d210c19f2742f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medicated Child EssayBrundage, Burr Cartwright. The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. Burland, Cottie and Wermer Forman. The Aztecs: Gods and Fate in Ancient Mexico. New York: Galahad Books, 1980. Bray, Warwick. Everyday Life of The Aztecs. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1968. Shepperd, Donna Walsh. The Aztecs. New York: F. Watts, 1992. Stuart, Gene S. The Mighty Aztecs. Washington: National Geographic, 1981. The mexica Aztecs http://www.askgeeves.com/main/FinalAnswer.asp?qCategory=HMANLink=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ewsu%2Eedu%3A8080%2F%7Edee%2FCIVAMRCA%2FAZTECS%2EHTMTitle=The+Mexica%2F+AztecsAnswers=2ajparam_list1=6ajparam_fillers=%7C6%5B263%5D%7Cajparam_qid=799site_name=Jeevesscope=webask=Where+can+I+find+information+about+ancient+Aztec+culture%3Forigin=0metasearch=yes. Hooker, Richard 1996. studen teacher resource center http://northcoast.com/~spdtom/a-rea.html Frederiksen, Thomas H. 1999History Reports

Each year there are about 250 people added to deat Essay Example For Students

Each year there are about 250 people added to deat Essay h row and 35 executed. From 1976 to 1995 there were a total of 314 people put to death in the US 179 of them were put to death using lethal injection, 123 were put to death using electrocution, 9 were put to death in a gas chamber, 2 were hanged, and 1 was put to death using the firing squad. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United Sates today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge agrees then the criminal will face some form of execution, lethal injection is the most common form used today. There was a period from 1972 to 1976 that capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Their reason for this decision was that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. The decision was reversed when new methods of execution were introduced. Capital punishment is a difficult issue and t here are as many different opinions as there are people. In our project, both sides have been presented and argued fully. Different forms of the death penalty are more humane than others. In the 1920s people decided that lethal gas, or the gas chamber, was more humane than death by electrocution. Nevada was the first state to adopt the gas chamber as their form of execution. The Humane Death Bill was passed abolishing all other forms of execution (Hanging or firing squad were the only other two forms of execution at that time) in the state of Nevada, this bill was signed by the governor on March 28, 1921. Not long after electrocution was tried as being inhumane, the gas chamber was challenged as being cruel and unusual punishment also. Gee Jon and Hughie Sing were the first two people to be sentenced to die by lethal gas. Justice Coleman, after the appeal was denied, relied on the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment to try and prove that the courts was not able to say that lethal gas was a painless way of putting a man to death. He tried to prove that it would subject the victim to either pain or torture. Many people attended the execution of Gee Jon, some of who were physicians and scientists. They came to try and prove that this was a humane way of killing a man, and were unanimous in the end, pronouncing this as a quick and painless method of execution. Several of them said they thought it the most merciful form yet devised. (Vila, pg. 78-79) This is what happened to the victim according to A. Huftaker, E. E. Hammer, and Major D. A. Turner of the Army Medical Reserve Corps., The man went unconscious after his first breath of the vaporized acid (liquid hydrocyanic acid). Since the man was unconscious he did not feel any pain and died almost instantly. There for the death penalty was for that time a humane way of killing someone. Electrocution was also done away with in Florida. In its place came lethal injection. The 74 year old oak chair was banished after the second messed up execution in seven years. Jesse Taferos in 1990 and Pedro Medinas on march 25. These cases were the basis for the accusation that the electric chair was cruel and unusual punishment. In both executions, flames shot from the prisoners heads when the current of electricity was turned on. The chairs head gear was blamed for this problem. It was brutal, terrible. It was a burning-alive, literally, said attorney Michael Minerva after witnessing the Medina execution. .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .postImageUrl , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:visited , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:active { border:0!important; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:active , .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u750c2b5a74046924e99a3e6042b4a5be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: W.E.B DuBois thoughts on education EssayAfter all this happened the question of what would replace the electric chair if and when Florida got rid of it came up. The answer to that was lethal injection, a mix of drugs that sends a person in to unconsciousness and then kills them. This was described as similar to putting an animal down. This was a method already employed by 32 states and seemed like the best solution to the problem at hand. Of the 32 states already using lethal injection Florida Corrections Commission surveyed 17 of these states. The majority of these states said that they switched to the needle, lethal injection because it is the most humane form of capital punishment. Florida took polls showing the death penalty was strongly supported. Texas, the first to use lethal injection in 1982, and other states has had this form of capital punishment tested in court time and time again and it has always come out as being valid and humane to the victim. Is Capital Punishment humane? Which methods, if any, are humane? The Prolonged suffering of an individual is not humane. Pain is subjective and it is Impossible to know with certainty the experience or range of experiences of those who undergo execution. Botched executions, where the offender lingers on before death, don not offer opportunities for us to assess the experience. (Executions in America pg.47) When the execution goes according to plan, the person doesnt live to tell about the experience and the effects of it. Execution can be a vary long and brutal process, when something goes wrong. Long ago, in the United States, hanging was he most widely used method of execution. the persons spine was supposed to snap. During the 18th Century and earlier, hanging were often botched. If the prisoner failed to die from the drop then they would slowly suffocate. If the prisoner was too heavy then the fall could rip the head from the body. The electric chair replaced hanging. The goal of electrocution is the paralysis of the heart and respiratory system. This happens through the burning of the internal organs. Willie Francis was a prisoner who experienced only a few seconds of electrocution and survived. This was a result of a malfunction of the machinery. He said that the experience was quite painful and that My mouth tasted like cold peanut butter. I felt a burning in my head and my left leg, and I jumped against the straps. I saw little blue and pink and green speckles.(Costanzo-44) A year later he was executed again. As you can see from these examples, the executed often undergoes horrific physical and even emotional abuse. Can you imagine living through electrocution and going through the process one, two, or three more times!Although we first think of the effects on the executed, we dont always think of the effects on other people. There are people directly and indirectly involved. For example, Jurors, prison officials, the families of the condemned, and e ven the families of victims witness or are tied to it some other way. Botched executions can be the result of mistakes by the executioners, equipment problems or struggling by the prisoner. In order to perform lethal injection a prisoner with a history of intravenous drug use, the executioner may have to surgically locate a deeper vein. Even a small error in dosage or administration can leave a prisoner conscious but paralyzed while dying, a sentient witness of his or her own, slow, lingering asohyxiation.(Costanzo-46) The executioner has to live with the fact that there were the cause of the agonizing death of another human being. A man lying face up on a hospital gurney is subjected to what looks like a routine medical procedure. The only difference is that the goal is to kill instead of heal.(Costanzo-47) In 1951, Eliso Mares was put to death by a firing squad. The prison staff likes Mares and so they aimed away from his heart Mares bled to death and it was a slow lingering proce ss. Again, the executioners were at fault. In 1985, Alpha Otis Stephens was shocked with three 1,900 volt of electricity. When Stephens was shocked the first time, he struggled for breath for eight long minutes. he was shocked again but witnesses spotted him continuing to gasp for air. After 23 more breaths he was shocked one last time. Fred Leuchter, a major designer of the electrocution machinery, gave his opinion on the cons of the electric chair: If you overload an individuals body with current Youll cook the meat on his body. Its like the meat on an overcooked chicken. If you grab the arm, the flesh will fall right off in your hands.. That doesnt mean that he felt anything. It simply means that its cosmetically not the thing to do. Presumably the state will return the remains to the victims family for burial. Returning somebody who has been cooked would be in poor taste. This would affect the victims family. Even if they chose not to watch the execution, the remains can be just as emotionally harmful. In the example that I started earlier, you can gather that is would not be pleasant to see your son or daughter executed numerous times or shocked a number of times. .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .postImageUrl , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:visited , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:active { border:0!important; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:active , .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1 .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9ae935b126a5bc20a93901a0126aad1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impact of Child Abuse EssayAs you can see from the above arguments there are many paths you could take as far as if the death penalty is humane or not. As an over all out come of this paper I think that lethal injection is the most humane form of execution. The reason for this is it is really hard to botch this type of execution but the others such as electrocution and hanging can be botched quite easily. Although over all I think that the death penalty is a bad solution to this problem, the idea of two wrongs dont make a right comes into play in this case quite stongly, if it is really needed then I would have to say that lethal injection is the most humane form of execut ion. Although it is humane, I dont think I would be able to go through with actually being executed or executing someone.

Alexander Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod and Kiev

Alexander Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod and Kiev The son of an important Russian leader, Alexander Nevsky was elected prince of Novgorod on his own merits. He succeeded in driving invading Swedes from Russian territory and fending off the Teutonic Knights. However, he agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols rather than fight them, a decision for which he has been criticized.  Eventually, he became Grand Prince and worked to restore Russian prosperity and establish Russian sovereignty. After his death, Russia disintegrated into feudal principalities. Also Known As Prince of Novgorod and Kiev; Grand Prince of Vladimir; also spelled Aleksandr Nevski and, in Cyrillic, Ð Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã'€ Ð Ã µÃ ²Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Alexander Nevsky was noted for Stopping the advance of the Swedes and the Teutonic Knights into Russia Occupations Roles in Society Military LeaderPrinceSaint Places of Residence and Influence Russia Important Dates Born:  c. 1220Victorious in battle on the ice:  April 5, 1242Died:  Nov. 14, 1263 Biography Prince of Novgorod and Kiev and Grand Prince of Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky is best known for stopping the advance of the Swedes and the Teutonic Knights into Russia. At the same time, he paid tribute to the Mongols instead of attempting to fight them off, a position that has been attacked as cowardly but which may have been simply a matter of understanding his limits. The son of Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, grand prince of Vladimir and foremost Russian leader, Alexander was elected prince of Novgorod (primarily a military post) in 1236. In 1239 he married Alexandra, the daughter of the Prince of Polotsk. For some time the Novgorodians had moved into Finnish territory, which was controlled by the Swedes. To punish them for this encroachment and to bar Russias access to the sea, the Swedes invaded Russia in 1240. Alexander scored a significant victory against them at the confluence of the Rivers Izhora and Neva, whereby he got his honorific, Nevsky. However, several months later he was expelled from Novgorod for interfering in city affairs. Not long afterward, Pope Gregory IX began urging the Teutonic Knights to Christianize the Baltic region, even though there were Christians already there. In the face of this threat, Alexander was invited to return to Novgorod and, after several confrontations, he defeated the knights in a famous battle on the frozen channel between Lakes Chud and Pskov in April 1242. Alexander eventually stopped the eastward expansion of both the Swedes and Germans. But another serious problem prevailed in the east. Mongol armies were conquering portions of Russia, which was not politically unified. Alexanders father agreed to serve the new Mongol rulers, but he died in September 1246. This left the throne of the Grand Prince vacant, and both Alexander and his younger brother Andrew appealed to Khan Batu of the Mongol Golden Horde. Batu sent them to the Great Khan, who violated Russian custom by selecting Andrew as Grand Prince, probably because Alexander was favored by Batu, who was out of favor with the Great Khan. Alexander settled for being made the prince of Kiev. Andrew began to conspire with other Russian princes and western nations against the Mongol overlords. Alexander took the opportunity to denounce his brother to Batus son Sartak. Sartak sent an army to depose Andrew, and Alexander was installed as Grand Prince in his place. As Grand Prince, Alexander worked to restore Russian prosperity by building fortifications and churches and passing laws. He continued to control Novgorod through his son Vasily. This altered the tradition of rule from one based on a process of invitation to institutional sovereignty. In 1255 Novgorod expelled Vasily, and Alexander put together an army and got Vasily back on the throne. In 1257 a rebellion broke out in Novgorod in response to an impending census and taxation. Alexander helped forced the city to submit, probably fearing that the Mongols would punish all of Russia for Novgorods actions. More uprisings broke out in 1262 against the Muslim tax farmers of the Golden Horde, and Alexander succeeded in averting reprisals by journeying to Saray on the Volga and speaking to the Khan there. He also obtained an exemption for Russians from a draft. On the way home, Alexander Nevsky died in Gorodets. After his death, Russia disintegrated into feuding principalities but his son Daniel would found the house of Moscow, which would eventually reunite northern Russian lands. Alexander Nevsky was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church, which made him a saint in 1547.

QUANTUM MATTER TELEPORTER Essays - Physics, Quantum Mechanics

QUANTUM MATTER TELEPORTER Essays - Physics, Quantum Mechanics QUANTUM MATTER TELEPORTER Today's society utilizes the car as the universal mode of transportation. The vehicle has developed radically in the past century and is now a household item. The modern family uses the car for all its basic needs, from long distance transportation to a drive to the local park. Other various fossil fuel powered vehicles are also utilized for transportation of goods and carry out various services. The car however raises the problem of over-congestion and instead of speeding travel, slows it down. With the rising population, this problem only grows, especially in highly urbanized cities. Traffic results in rampant accidents and is a major hindrance to the work that needs to be done, as it is suddenly impeded by an abrupt stop. Additionally, the car and other present day vehicles utilize fossil fuels. The use of these and burning of these leads to rampant pollution of the air. The green house gasses like methane and carbon dioxide that are released only serve to further deteriorate the ozone layer and increase global warming. In fact, transportation is one of the leading carbon producers , contributing up to 25% of total emissions according to the EPA . This problem, while not limited to transportation, is greatly increased by it. Another flaw of today's vehicles is that they require a path or medium of travel. All terrestrial vehicles need roads to be constructed for them, often taking up large swathes of land just for them to travel. All maritime vehicles need water , it defines them and how they move. Jets require the presence of radio towers to signal where they land, not to mention requiring terminals and runways to be built. These requirements to even use these vehicles take up useful space that could have been utilized for other infrastructures such as homes, buildings of service, etc. While progress has been made to combat the other flaws of conventional vehicles, they still all have the major flaw of requiring time. All the vehicles of today need us to wait hours, or even days to get to our destination. With the compiled problem of heavy traffic this situation does not seem as if it will ever improve with the continued use of cars. Teleportation has long since been a matter of science fiction. The ability to travel to places without bearing any of the difficulties of the conventional vehicle. Teleportation as a universal mode of transportation would firstly, remove the traffic that is so often the main defect of cars. Secondly, the use of teleportation over the use of fossil fuel powered cars reduces the amount of carbon emissions produced by transportation drastically. Thirdly, teleportation, theoretically, would not require a medium of travel. Quantum teleportation at an optimum would not require any other communication medium, and at a more practical rate would require fiber cables, a technology more utilizable, less limited, and not as bulky as roads, airports and bodies of water. It would also be far faster than any other mechanical means of transportation. It could teleport you thousands or millions of kilometers away in nanoseconds. This technology may seem like science fiction, but the technology to do this with base particles like photons and leptons exists today, and technology to apply this to quarks, the base parts of atoms, is theoretically very possible. In order to understand its workings, we must first know a bit of quantum mechanics. In everyday classical mechanics, everything is determined. A particle is here or there, the ball is rolling or still. But in quantum mechanics, objects can be in what is called a superposition wherein it can be in multiple states until observed. To demon strate this, Erwin Schrodinger once famously proposed a thought experiment with a cat that goes as such; suppose you have a cat in a box with poison that will release 50% of the time. You only know the cat is alive or dead after observation. Now we can apply this to subatomic particles. All fundamental particles have a property called spin, which is to say they have angular momentum and an orientation in space. Now since we do not know the spin of the particles before measurement the

Coca cola Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coca cola Enterprises - Essay Example In order to establish itself an enhanced space in the market, the company engages in social responsibilities. Coca Cola acts as a global employer and is ranked within the top 10 organisations (The Coca Cola Company, 2012). Products/services and geographic scope The company has launched some customised strategies while entering into international expansion plans. When entering into a new market, it tends to focus on business volumes. It invests in brand promotion through the use of visual and print media. Such brand promotional activities have helped the company to develop as well as to enhance its distribution. The distribution network is entrusted with the responsibility of the distribution of beverages to different corners of the targeted countries (The Coca Cola Company, 2010:23). In terms of expansion policies, Coca Cola is focusing on the creation of outsourced manufacturing, bottling and distribution that will work to cater for the local needs. The company engages in innovation in the realm of products, packaging, equipment and other activities designed to gain further penetration into both established and foreign markets. The invention of recyclable packaging through the use of plants helps to cement the company’s sustainable image. In Europe, Coca Cola focuses on enhancing its packaging activities. The family and economised plans serve the needs of all types of consumers. The company has formed ties with various sporting events, with a view to creating brand awareness and enhancing the loyalty of consumers. It has also diversified its business by entering into the production of juice and energy drinks (Bodden, 2008). Competitors Coca Cola’s main competitor within the soft drinks industry is PepsiCo; a firm that poses a serious threat to the company. Moreover, some local brands also provide some kind of competition for Coca Cola. Any kind of competition is healthy for a market, as it benefits the consumers (Porter, 1998). In spite of Coca C ola enjoying the major proportion of the market, it does not have the capability to exploit the market conditions, mainly because the substitute drinks companies have significant power. Some other competitors include RC Cola, Kola Real and Inca Kola (Bell, 2003). PEST analysis Political analysis: the company belongs to the non-alcoholic beverages group and falls under the Food and Drug administration. Coca Cola Company takes all the necessary steps in order to analyse whether the introduction of new ingredients will meet the required standards, and asks for advanced approval from the FDA. Coca Cola Company also abides by the rules set by the FDA on plastic bottled products. The company follows differentiated accounting policies which show a significant role in the reported results. According to the jurisdiction of various countries, the company is subject to income tax policies. It is also subject to import and excise taxes where outsourcing units are absent. Economic factors: befor e entering into a new market, the company always analyses the economic factors of the country in question. When a country experiences economic growth, the purchasing power of its population increases, enabling the company to market its products. Coca Cola currently uses 63 other currencies in addition to the US dollar. Fluctuating foreign currencies can impact revenue generation. The fluctuation of exchange rates affects the export of the products globally. The company uses the derivative financial instruction

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Essay Example In one of the qualitative studies titled ‘exploring consumer engagement in an e-setting: a qualitative research of marketing executives’, the aspects described above concerning qualitative researchers is evident. This research study sought to understand the level of consumer engagement online pertaining different brands, with the increasing popularity of internet marketing. After the identification of the research question, the researchers defined the conceptual framework which would serve as the blueprint of the study. There were two hypotheses, in line with the conceptual framework described. The research relied on in-depth interviews as the preferred data collection strategy. It was highly subjective as it relied on the opinions and convictions of the 17 marketing practitioners, who described their experience in depth. The 17 marketing practitioners selected for the study were working with international organizations and were identified through LinkedIn. The interview sessions focused on two questions that required detailed responses from the respondents. Data analysis followed, with the initial steps being the compilation of data obtained from the respondents.A quantitative research titled ‘Quantitative marketing research on the behavior of the small and medium companies on financial advisory services’ used statistical deductive approaches in a bid to determine whether there was any existing correlation between the size of the firm and the number of financial advisory services outsourced.

International Terrorism and the Meaning of Islam Essay

International Terrorism and the Meaning of Islam - Essay Example According to Rashid (2002), Muslim militants have been known to engage in a variety of terror acts ranging from beheadings, bombings, kidnappings, suicide attacks, hijackings and spree killings. Such incidences of terror have been witnessed in numerous places around the world such as America, Asia, Europe, Africa, the Pacific, and Middle East. The Muslim militants commonly referred to as Jihadists, usually net out violence to non-Muslims, terming it Jihad. Many people in different parts of the world who have been hard hit by these acts of terror are usually left wondering whether Islam is a religion of piece, violence, or both. The social meaning of Islam has been to inculcate peace and love for one another. Muslims claim that Islam teaches them to be compassionate and to care for everyone in society. However, confusion is brought about by Islamic teachings which propagate that Muslims should wrestle all those who do not trust or worship Allah, and those who do not adopt the religion of Islam. This has been one religious teaching that they have used to justify their acts of terror. This has been the main reason why the Western mind has a skewed meaning about the social meaning of Islam because it is not clear what they stand for. On one hand, they purport to teach and preach peace and love among one another, yet, on the other hand, they continuously engage in acts of terrorism, mostly against non-Muslims, which lead to mass deaths, loss of life, and destruction of property (Avner, 2008).

Employees Turnover: the Effectiveness of an Organization

Employees Turnover: the Effectiveness of an Organization Executive Summary Productivity or effectiveness of an organization frequently suffers as a result of high level of absenteeism and worker turnover. There is evidence that all concerned owners, contractors and workers are interested in resolving problem. This study examines the source and size of problem and recommendations to reduce it. For this purpose we have conducted interviews and literature survey in order to investigate the organization effectiveness. This report describes an HR management tool for decreasing turnover at Dancom Communication. High employee turnover is like shrink. It cuts into the bottom line, but it can be controlled. There are many potential causes for turnover. Certainly, area economic conditions as well as other factors such as labor market conditions, effect general turnover rates. In voluntary turnovers are difficult to directly manage however are voluntary turnover that can be managed. The purpose of this literature survey is to allocate the important variables of our existing problem i.e How does employees turnover affect the effectiveness of organization. With the help of these variables we a can assess the variables related to our problem for structuring theoretical framework. This survey includes the situation which had occurred in past with others companies and how those companies deal with these variable means how they solved different problems. After completing literature survey and defining problem there is need to develop framework. In it we try to discuss the interrelationship among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. Different variables can affect the effectiveness of organization we are considering all-important variables that can effect company. After the thorough study of literature survey we deduct some variables, which can become a cause that can effect the sales and keeping in mind we make schematic diagram of the theoretical framework so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationship. The research design, which involves a series of rational decision-making choices, the various issued involved in the research design, will be discussed here. Like Purpose of the study, Types of investigation, Extent of researcher interference, Study setting , Measurement and measures, Unit of analysis, Sampling, Time horizon and Data collection method. But the hypothesis statement, which we are going to proof, it will come under hypotheses testing study. This study that engage in hypotheses testing usually explain the nature of certain relationships, or establish the differences among groups or the independence of two or more factor in a situation Causal type of investigation is done, when it is necessary to establish a definitive cause and effect relationship, however, if the researcher simply wants a mere identification of the important factors associated with the problem then a correlation study is called. Correlation type of investigation will be suitable for our research, actually our hypotheses is effective compensation has positive impact on organizational effectiveness Thats why we select this method to identify the important factor associated with the problem. A correlation study is conducted in the natural environment of the organization, with the researcher interfering minimally with the normal flow of work. Organizational research can be done in the natural environment where work proceeds normally (no contrived settings) or in artificial, contrived settings. As we have selected correlation investigation method with minimum interference, then automatically our study setting will be no contrived. Its mean our research will be conduct under natural environment. What we are going to apply in our project that is ratio scale and interval scale because these scales give maximum accuracy in measuring the variable. Even though the method we have selected for investigation is correlation that provide less accuracy as compare to causal. In this project we selected individuals and organizational as a unit of analysis, and this selection is match with the definition of unit of analysis.. Why we chose probability sampling? Because the sample we get from probability have the quality of representatives. We have proved that there is positive relation between compensation and effectiveness. By increasing the retention rate. Retaining hourly employees. Improving management retention. Training first than promoting. Attractive salary packages. To motivate employees. Management through selection. Table of Contents Problem Statement Broad Problem Area Preliminary data gathering Unstructured Interviews Literature Survey Theoretical framework Generation of hypothesis Research design Purpose of Study Type of study Study setting Unit of Analysis Time Horizon Sampling Data Analysis Data Interpretation Conclusion / Deduction Recommendation to Management OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: The main objective of our project is to apply our concept and knowledge in practical scenario. And how the organizations are getting competitive advantages through conducting business research. Nowadays, as we know organization can increase their profitability, customer satisfaction, and productivity by conducting business research. Because through business research we can detect the real problem and its cause. Thats why, we can say that research generates alternative to solve problems. By getting solution of the problems in time we can run our business smoothly and effectively. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY Dancom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. was established in 1995 under the Company s Ordinance 1984. Our major shareholder, Dancom Telecommunication (M) Sdn Bhd Malaysia provides total Telecom IT solutions for the Malaysian marker and abroad as well. The group specializes in smart technology-based product applications, cellular deployments; IT related projects Digital TV, Broadband wireless and turnkey solutions related to telecommunication projects. The Company, core strength lies in its state of the art telecom systems deployment, dedicated expertise to manage and operate the core network, and an effective after sales support network of over 6 offices al over Pakistan with over 800 personnel. Dancom established the telecom services with a mission to provide easy and manageable access to the workforce of general consumers. Since 1997,Dancom s team has made consistent efforts to establish its services all over Pakistan including the remotest parts such as AJK, Northern Areas and the other far-flung remote areas of the four provinces of the country. To meet the requirement of the corporate sector for its online networking all over Pakistan, Dancom has successfully deployed and tested the system, which is capable of providing wire line and wireless connectivity. Dancom also provides managed Internet access service for Corporate/SME/SOHO and also offers turnkey solutions including LAN WAN support. THE RESEARCH PROCESS: In this section we will discuss each and every step of research process that is: Problem Statement Broad Problem Area Preliminary data gathering Theoretical frame work Generation of hypothesis Research design Data analysis Data interpretation Conclusion / Deduction Recommendation to Management Problem Statement: How does employees turnover affect the effectiveness of organization? Broad Problem Area: Employees turnover is a serious problem in organization and warrants attention. Poor supervision, unproductive relationships with boss, poor planning, non-attractive packages, non-motivation and generally poor management are the prime reasons for turnover. Lower turnover offers a broad range of productivity gains. As the turn over lies in all the organizations but we have selected one organization (Dancom Company). In order to implement our concept and knowledge regarding employees turnover. What are the causes of employee turnover? How it causes the ineffectiveness of organizations, How to reduce it? In broad problem area our focus is on these three things: Background information of the organization Company polices Perception behavior responses of organization members In background information in the organization we have origin and history of the company when it came into being business is in ownership and control, Size in term s of employees, assets purpose and ideology. Background detail of the company we obtained from published records website of the company. Employees turnover is broad area, which includes skilled and unskilled workers but we are focusing on skilled workers. Unskilled workers turnovers are immaterial with assumption of 100% of labor availability in Pakistan. Pakistan being developing country unemployment is more than other countries. So unskilled workforce is available any time. So it does not make any contribution to organizational effectiveness. Skilled workers can affect more the effectiveness of organization. This study is aimed at the achieving productivity gains in organization through an improved understanding of causes and effects of turnover, specifically, the study sought to: Verify the problem. Analyze the major contributing factors. Quantify the costs. Offer recommendation for corrective action. Preliminary Data Collection: How study was made: A group member of our group was retained to devise a questionnaire, based on teams understanding of the practical problems to identify the reason for turnover from workers perspective. The questionnaire was designed specifically to measure worker or employees attitude about their job and to investigate underlying causes for turnover. Preliminary data was collected from different resources to anticipate potential problem. During survey different employees were asked about voluntary termination. In order to get information about on project we have used two methods as follows: 1. Interviews Unstructured interviews Questionnaires Questionnaires for the Topic Q: 1 what is your expectations from organization? Good feed back Good compensation Overtime (d) Benefits Q: 2 what makes you to work at organization? Good package Bonus Flexible working hours Q; 3 what do you think about turnover is caused by (a) Less wages (b) Boss relation (c) Inflexible hours Q: 4 In which case you will not leave the organization? Q: 5 In what conditions you would like to work? (a) High pay offering (b) Working conditions (c) High growth organization Q: 6 Employees commitment depends upon; Overtime bases Good compensation Good relation with boss Increasing their moral Q: 7 How does employees turnover can be reduced? (a) Revising salary (b) Increasing basics (c) Increasing incentives (d)Providing facilities Q;8 How does job growth of employees within the organization affects? (a) Positively (b) Negatively (c) Challenging Q; 9 Do you get the additional benefits like allowances, bonus? (a) Strongly agree (b) Agree (c) Neither Agree nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 10 Does turnover cause organization high cost and inefficiency in working? (a) Strongly agree (b) Agree (c) Neither Agree nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 11 High level of growth leads efficient working of organization and cause low turnover.? (a) Strongly agree (b) Agree (c)Neither Agree nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 12 Better Compensation to an employee is a factor that can cause employee turnover. (a) Strongly agree (b) Agree (c) Neither Agree nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 13 Better wages makes employee motivation high. (a) Strongly agree (b) Agree (c) Neither Agree nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 14 Job growth in an organization is very much important for an employee? (a) Strongly agree (b)Agree (c)Neither Agree Nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 15 Do you think Behavior of the employer is a factor that motivates employees to be within the organization? (a) Strongly agree (b)Agree (c)Neither Agree Nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q:16 Which type of boss you would like in your organization? Autocratic Motivational (c) Democratic Q: 17 Would you like to get promotion? Yes No Q: 18 What you think that, job security can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of person? (a) Strongly agree (b)Agree (c)Neither Agree Nor Disagree (d) Disagree (e) Strongly disagree Q: 19 Would you like to perform job in this organization forever? Yes (b)No Q; 20 Does proper compensation and bonuses effect the organization Effectiveness? (a)Yes (b) No Q;21 Does working environment effect the organization effectiveness? (a) Yes (b) No Q: 22 Does motivation play important role in turnover? Yes (b)No (c) Neither yes nor no Q: 23 To what extent organization effectiveness increases when turn over rate is low? 25% 50 % (d) 75 % Q:24 What is your opinion about the leaving organization, when organization? Does not pay you fairly (b) Discriminate you Q: 25 Better environment provided to an organization will cause employee work more efficiently. Yes No (c) Do not know Literature Review Reason of literature survey The purpose of this literature survey is to allocate the important variables of our existing problem I-e How does employees turnover affect the effectiveness of organization. With the help of these variables we a can assess the variables related to our problem for structuring theoretical framework. This survey includes the situation which had occurred in past with others companies and how those companies deal with these variable means how they solved different problems. manager. Asking employees why they are leaving is generally not a good way to find the real reason behind their departure. Instead of evaluating employee satisfaction according to exit interviews, pay attention to the turnover rate. High turnover is the key indicator of employee dissatisfaction. It takes a lot of effort and risk for an employee to change jobs. Resigning is the loudest statement they can make to tell you that your management skills are lacking. Commit to making every employee feel worthwhile, respected, and revered. You must not be too busy working in your business to recognize the importance of each and every one of your employees. One of the Jim Moran Institutes entrepreneurial clients was also his companys primary salesperson. Because of the huge amount of time he spent selling, he never had enough time to make his fifteen employees really feel needed and, consequently, the company experienced high turnover. Employees can quickly feel less than respected by either abusive bosses or bosses who are just too busy to give the requisite care. One of the things you can do to help is to occasionally, tell employees how much you appreciate them. Even better is to tell your whole company how certain employees have really made a difference. Another thing that really helps is to make sure you go around and ask employees how they are doing. It all just boils down to making each and every employee feel worthwhile. Employee turnover is a good benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of your management style. If you are seeing high turnover, your management style may need to be significantly overhauled. References#4 Binning, J.F., Barrett, G.V. (1989). Validity of personnel decisions: A conceptual analysis of the inferential and evidential bases. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 478-494. An Innovative Approach for Cost-effective Turnover Reduction By John F. Binning, Ph.D., and Anthony J. Adorno, M.S.Human Resource Group- Bloomington, IL Turnover costs for many organizations are unacceptably high. When the direct and indirect costs associated with employee separation, replacement, and training are accurately compiled, it is not uncommon for even medium-sized companies to lose several million dollars a year resulting from employee turnover. This article describes an HR management tool for decreasing turnover which is based on professional research linking various job characteristics to job candidates sourc We are now presenting the reference of different sources. Reference # 1: Employee Turn Over BY: Dr. Blake Frank Professor at University Of Dallas. According to new ideas for retaining store-level employees, a study conducted by Dr. Blake Frank an industrial psychologist and professor at the University of Dallas, for the Coca-Cola Retailing Research Council. For those in higher paying jobs, the cost of turn over is also higher. Symptoms that organization has to face in response of turnover are: Direct Costs: Advertising, training, interview time, employment testing, new employees processing, and backgrounds checks. Opportunity Costs: Change-making errors, mistakes in paperwork, product damage, shrink and improper use of equipment. High as these drains on the bottom line are, they do not include the adverse impact on the quality of service and customer satisfaction, and a stores consequent loss of sales as shoppers vote with their feet and take their dollars to another store. The Coca-Cola study asked participants for a rough estimate of the number of customers lost due to turnover-related factors. Reference # 2 Michelle K. Duffy, Daniel C. Ganster, and Jason D. Shaw Positive Affectivity and Negative Outcomes: the role of tenure and job satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1998 Vol. 83 no 6 pp. 950 959 Employee Turnover and Sabotage A matter of Disposition, Job Satisfaction and Tenure ÂÂ   Understanding an employees disposition may help predict turnover and purposefully poor performance. Together disposition and Job tenure along with job dissatisfaction plays a role in how employees react to stress. What is positive affectivity Positive employees are more likely to take a wait and see attitude early in their employment. But watch out! Could stress be the reason for turnover and employee poor performance? Why might it be better, in the long run, to have employees who are low in positive affectivity? What can be done Researchers have found that there is a dimension in personality having to do with a persons outlook on life. Persons high in this dimension are enthusiastic, active, and happy. These people are generally more satisfied and see life positively. Persons low in this dimension are the ones with the dark clouds over their heads. Researchers have named this dimension positive affectivity (PA). A study of fire fighter and police employees revealed that PA, a persons positive disposition or lack thereof, in combination with tenure on the job has a bearing on how employees react to perceived job dissatisfaction. Employees that are low in tenure, high in PA and who are dissatisfied with their jobs are less likely to seek another job than those who are low in PA and who also have short tenure and are also dissatisfied. The high PA and low tenure employee also experiences less stress and less physical symptoms of stress than does the low PA low tenured employee. The positive person seems to be able to take the long view. When they first work for an organization they feel less stress when experiencing dissatisfaction than negative people do and are able to reframe from taking action to find a different job. They also do not engage in counter productive behavior at this stage of their tenure with the organization. But when positive people, who are dissatisfied with their job, stay with an organization and become long term employees this changes. They are more stressed by job dissatisfaction, reporting more physical symptoms related to stress, and more likely to look for a different job and to engage in counter productive work behavior. The opposite seems to be true of the more negative person, low in PA. When they are first with an organization and become dissatisfied they seem to experience more stress and physical symptoms of stress than the more positive employee experiences. They look for another job or engage in counter productive work behavior. If they decide to stay with the organization and become long term employees, they become less likely to leave the organization and less likely to purposely perform poorly. This is probably because stress reaction and physical symptoms related to job dissatisfaction are lower for the long-term low PA employee. The person who views life more on the negative side seems to be able accept that work is dissatisfying and is able to plod along without either seeking a different job or performing poorly to get back at the organization. Since they do not expect to find a greener pasture on the other side of the hill, a negative outlook on life, they do not seek to leave the organization. What can be done? Controlling for job dissatisfaction and stress is an organizations only option. Take a good look at employees who are dissatisfied with their work and see if adjustments in hours, duties or work practices can elevate the situation. Not taking action will mean you will loose valuable employees. Remember that the remaining dissatisfied employee may begin to overreact and actually work against you. If you have high turnover among sales persons and other such jobs even among your long term employees you had better take a hard look at how employees feel about their supervision, work rules, work environment and the organization as a whole. It may even be better to help employees make adjustments in their career path leading to work outside the organization. Thereby avoiding having employees who feel there is no way out and who may have chosen sabotage as an outlet for their job dissatisfaction stress. Reference #3 Employee Turnover February 7, 2003 By Jerry Osteryoung The difference between a boss and a leader: a boss says, Go! a leader says, Lets go!' -E. M. Kelly, Growing Disciples, 1995 Recently, an entrepreneur whom I am assisting stated that he had 600 W-2s this year and he has a full time staff of less than 50. When I questioned him about this rapid employee turnover, he said it was the nature of the business. At this point I wanted to throttle him by the neck and yell at him, Employee turnover is bad, bad, bad! Rather than risk rupturing my vocal cords yelling, I sat down and listened to him talk about this problem. What was most disconcerting about the conversation was that he thought the problem was systemic with todays labor pool and took very little responsibility for employee turnover in his own management style. Compensation is also caused the employees Turnover and reduce the effectiveness. Most employee turnover is related to poor management practices. Yes, employees are working for wages, but, more importantly, they are working to have their non-financial needs met. Its important to understand that employees are seeking to extract something far more than a paycheck from their work. Most employees need to feel respected, worthwhile and appreciated in their work. Time after time employees leave when they feel under-appreciated (sometimes for less money), just to have these more important needs met. The reverse is true as well when employees are offered a significantly higher salary from another company, they dont leave if they are appreciated at their current workplace. Most entrepreneurs do not perceive themselves as bad managers. However, a high employee turnover is a telling detail that an entrepreneur may, in fact, be a horrible es of personal discomfort and dissatisfaction. While this assessment process is relatively new to the professional HR literature, it has been shown to dramatically reduce annual turnover rates. In one organization where this type of process was used, annual turnover was reduced by 54% (from 168% to approximately 78%). In another organization, the process lowered annual turnover from 120% to 48% (60% reduction). ÂÂ   Reference Reducing Employee Turnover ÂÂ  Willis Mushrush, Small Business Technology Development Centers, West Plains for University of Missouri newsletter May 2002 Creativity in compensation and benefits can make quite a difference to the welfare of the employee. A company should assess overall employee needs when addressing retention issues. If employee welfare is a genuine concern, what about child care? How much employee absenteeism is attributable to not having a dependable babysitter? Although the costs and liabilities involved in providing onsite day care can be prohibitive, perhaps a company could subsidize childcare in some manner. Sometimes, just negotiating rates for your employees with area childcare providers could be very helpful. Maybe some kind of a company match would be possible. Household chore assistance is another possibility that is being used by some companies. Consider other options such as alternative work schedules or flextime, or perhaps preventative health care and wellness programs such as fitness center memberships as possible cost-effective benefits. Dont forget that perks or non-cash rewards to recognize exceptional performance can be critical. Service recognition, event tickets, trips, and public recognition can send strong messages to the public regarding company culture and values. Simply examine the issues and needs of your employees and try to develop creative programs to address these needs. Although many costs associated with these suggestions may seem prohibitive, as well they may be, the company must evaluate the costs of current turnover, analyze the reasons for the individual organization, and develop strategies that in the long term are less costly than continued turnover. Some of these suggestions may not be so costly in comparison. Just a word of caution: Be fair and consistent in establishing compensation. Promote from within if possible. Attempt to avoid bringing new people on board at a higher rate than current employees. Policies to prevent discussion of wages simply do not work. Furthermore, such policies are in complete opposition of open-door communications. Although many companies use contract employees to address fluctuations in business, working side by side with someone who is making twice the rate of pay without any commitment or loyalty to the company can be a real morale killer. Avoid this if at all possible! If your company follows these steps and shows a genuine concern for the well being of your employees, you may not have to pay the highest wages in town to have the lowest employee turnover rate. MANAGING TURNOVER THROUGH SELECTION There are many potential causes for turnover. Certainly, area economic conditions, as well as other factors such as labor market conditions, affect general turnover rates. These more general causes for involuntary turnover are difficult to directly manage. However, there are certain causes for voluntary turnover that are associated with any specific job in a given organization (e.g., non-competitive compensation, high stress, unpleasant physical or interpersonal working conditions, monotony, and poor direct supervision) that can be managed. Although considerable research has been published in professional journals that underscores the relationship among workers preferences, job performance, absenteeism, and voluntary turnover, there has not been much advancement in the field of personnel selection based on these findings. One management option for addressing the issue of employee turnover is to change the job to eliminate negative characteristics, but this often is not feasible or desirable. An alternative method for reducing turnover is to screen out potential levers during the hiring process. Organizations can use the information regarding negative job characteristics as part of their pre-employment screening process in order to identify job candidates who are likely to have particularly adverse reactions to these characteristics. The assessment of employees sources of job-related discomfort and frustration has proven to be a powerful predictor of turnover (Bernardin, 1987). Survey results consistently indicate that workers negative emotional reactions to job situations do predict voluntary turnover. Employees in any job have conscious and unconscious emotional reactions to work. If these reactions are generally positive, an employee is less likely to quit. On the other hand, if these reactions are generally negative, an employee is more likely to quit. One very promising approach for managing turnover is to identify job candidates who are more likely to have negative reactions to a given job. These candidates can be screened out early in the hiring process, thus saving further hiring costs, and decreasing subsequent turnover. Unfortunately, the most frequently used instruments for identifying such negative job characteristics (e.g., Job Diagnostic Survey, Job Characteristics Inventory) have little utility for making employment decisions because the scoring process is relatively transparent to job applicants. ÂÂ   INTRODUCTION TO THE JOB CONGRUENCE SYSTEM (JCS) General psychological inventories and realistic job previews have been used to reduce turnover, but with varying degrees of success. Traditional personality and interest inventories are not as successful for identifying candidates who are likely to turnover due to the ease with which they can be faked during the application process. Researchers have indicated that deliberate distortion of responses is one of the most serious problems in the use of instruments designed to measure personality and interest characteristics. Similarly, realistic job previews are not effective with some job seekers who are highly motivated to gain employment, because they ignore the negative job characteristics during the application process, but over time the negative job content becomes instrumental in the decision to quit. There is an alternative pre-screening method for reducing employee turnover which has demonstrated both effectiveness and consistency. The system described here is called the Job Congruence System (JCS). In HR literature, this general approach has been referred to as job compatibility or job congruence assessment. The J

The Problems With Affirmative Action Essay -- affirmative action argum

The Problems With Affirmative Action Tim was working as a college professor for many years at an ivy-league school. Tim was a very well liked by the students and by the administration. Tim's qualifications were hard to beat, with a book and many other writings to his credit. One day he went to work and found out that he had been replaced by a woman that had less experience and fewer credentials (McElroy). The definition of affirmative action is as follows: Affirmative action means taking positive steps to recruit, hire, train, and promote individuals from groups that have traditionally been discriminated against on the basis of race, sex, disability, or other characteristics. In this sense, affirmative action goes beyond equal employment opportunity, which requires employers to eliminate discriminatory conditions, whether inadvertent or intentional, and to treat all employees equally in the workplace ( What ... action? ). Tim lost his job to a procedure that had the main purpose to make the process of hiring workers and accepting people to colleges equal for the minorities and women. However, the process, affirmative action, does not make it equal and it gives minorities and women extra rights. Affirmative action is a procedure that is unfair and unjust to the majority of the people. It is not ethical to cure discrimination of minority's and women with another form of discrimination when the majority is discriminated against. Discrimination is hard to correct, but if laws are for discrimination of any kind, it will never be corrected. Plous argued against this and said, "the most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion." In the statement, the word "special"... ...ww.now.org/press/04-03/04-01.html>. Jorgensen, Eric T. "Affirmative Action is Not So Bad." The Back Page. 4 Sept. 1998. 21 Oct. 2003 <http://www.sff.net/people/ericj/backpage/1998/affirmac.htp>. McElroy, Wendy. "What does Affirmative Action Affirm." wendymcelroy.com. 24 Oct. 2003 <http://www.zetetics.com/mac/affirm.htm>. Plous, S. "Ten myths about affirmative action." Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination. 2003. 21 Oct. 2003 <http://www.UnderstandingPrejudice.org/readroom/articles/affirm.htm>. Smith, Peter J. "Affirmative action can hurt qualifited whites." The State News: Michigan State University's Independent Voice. 15 Sept. 1998. 21 Oct. 2003 <http://www.statenews.com/editionsfall98/091598/op_ltr3.html>. "What is affirmative action?" Hrnext.com. 2003. 21 Oct. 2003 <http://www2.hrnext.com/Article.cfm/Nav/1.41.105.0.6829.6829>.

Middle School Book Report Format

Middle School Book Report Format Thesis idea: This book is unique – Do not use the word â€Å"unique† anywhere in the report. Use your thesaurus to find a better word! Paragraph Order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Setting Characters Plot Plot Resolution Conclusion Paragraph Description: I. The introduction contains the thesis idea. II. The setting describes the time period and location. III. The section on characters mentions minor groups of characters but names and describes the major ones. IV. The plot explains what the major character attempts to do: o discover to overcome to adapt to become to mature to solve to learn to conquer to find V. The plot resolution – How are the final problems solved? How does everything work out? What is the final attitude of the main character(s)? VI. The conclusion – an evaluation of the book as a literary work. What was the author’s purpose? Does the book teach a lesson or a moral? Are the characters role models ? Why is it recommended? Introduction: Sentence Order Example 1. Arouse the reader’s interest with an attention grabbing question.How would you feel if a tornado suddenly lifted you away to a new land? 2. Name the character(s) in such a situation. Name the book title and author. Such an adventure happened to Dorothy in the book, The Wizard of Oz, by Frank Baum. 3. Present the thesis sentence: why the book is unique: Although there have been similar books, this book is unique because who? does what? and where? Although there have been other children’s adventure stories, this one is unique because Dorothy helps the Tin Man, Scarecrow, and Lion find the qualities they seek while raveling with her in the land of Oz. Topic Sentence Suggestions: Setting One reason this book is appealing is setting. Characters Another reason this book is different is its characters OR is that its characters are all†¦. (brief description). Plot In addition to the setting and characters, t he plot adds (or the problems add) to the distinctiveness of the book. Plot Resolution The way in which the problem(s) is solved is totally unexpected. Conclusion For these reasons, this book is appealing OR therefore, for these reasons, this book is recommended.

Free Essays on Magazine

The origins of the twentieth-century magazine lie in the extensive economic and social changes of the latter portion of the preceding century. The result was the emergence of the newly commercialized form of national periodical which, for the ensuing fifty years, served as the dominant medium of popular culture. And while the centrality of magazines as shapers and reflectors of the nation's popular discourse began to diminish at mid-century, the form itself continued to prosper as new, more specialized types of magazines arose to serve the specific informational needs of more narrowly defined audiences. This progress of the American magazine through the twentieth century might, for the purposes of historical analysis, be divided into four major eras: The Magazine's Triumph as a Commercial Enterprise (19001920), The Golden Age of Mass Magazines (19201960), The Rise of the Specialized Magazine (19601990), Magazines as New Media (1990present). This essay will attempt to chart the changing character of magazines in America during the twentieth century, as well as the forces, individual and institutional, which shaped them. The first twenty years of the twentieth century saw the emergence of modern magazine publishing. Inherent in this triumph of the magazine as a large-scale commercial enterprise was the widespread validation of the advertising-based model of magazine publishing developed during the 1890s. The rise of magazines as a national media, however, was driven by a number of broader economic and societal factors which gathered increasing force throughout the last half of the nineteenth century. Three of the more important included the success of the Industrial Revolution and the attendant urbanization of the nation, the rise of public education and the subsequent spread of literacy, and the emergence of a national consumer market. More specific technological and comm... Free Essays on Magazine Free Essays on Magazine The origins of the twentieth-century magazine lie in the extensive economic and social changes of the latter portion of the preceding century. The result was the emergence of the newly commercialized form of national periodical which, for the ensuing fifty years, served as the dominant medium of popular culture. And while the centrality of magazines as shapers and reflectors of the nation's popular discourse began to diminish at mid-century, the form itself continued to prosper as new, more specialized types of magazines arose to serve the specific informational needs of more narrowly defined audiences. This progress of the American magazine through the twentieth century might, for the purposes of historical analysis, be divided into four major eras: The Magazine's Triumph as a Commercial Enterprise (19001920), The Golden Age of Mass Magazines (19201960), The Rise of the Specialized Magazine (19601990), Magazines as New Media (1990present). This essay will attempt to chart the changing character of magazines in America during the twentieth century, as well as the forces, individual and institutional, which shaped them. The first twenty years of the twentieth century saw the emergence of modern magazine publishing. Inherent in this triumph of the magazine as a large-scale commercial enterprise was the widespread validation of the advertising-based model of magazine publishing developed during the 1890s. The rise of magazines as a national media, however, was driven by a number of broader economic and societal factors which gathered increasing force throughout the last half of the nineteenth century. Three of the more important included the success of the Industrial Revolution and the attendant urbanization of the nation, the rise of public education and the subsequent spread of literacy, and the emergence of a national consumer market. More specific technological and comm...

Agriculture Problems in Pakistan Essay Example

Agriculture Problems in Pakistan Essay Example Agriculture Problems in Pakistan Essay Agriculture Problems in Pakistan Essay Agriculture Problems in Pakistan And Their  Solutions Posted March 8, 2010 by sappk in 2010, Poor Farmers. 7 Comments [pic]Post Source: einfopedia. com By Mohsin Ali [pic] Economy of every state depends on three sectors i. e agriculture, industry and commerce. These three are interrelated with each other as the progress or retrogress of one sector effects the other two. Pakistan is an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of  much importance than any other sector. Importance of this sector is manifold as it feeds people, provides raw material for industry and is a base for foreign trade. Foreign exchange earned from merchandise exports is 45% of total exports of Pakistan. It contributes 26% of GDP and 52% of the total populace  is getting its livelihood from it. 67. 5% people are living in the rural areas  of Pakistan and are directly involved in it. There are two crops in Pakistan ie Rabi Kharif. Crop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sowing season   Ã‚   |  Ã‚  Ã‚     Harvesting season Kharif        |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  April – June  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oct – Dec Rabi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |  Ã‚     Oct – Dec  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April – May Major crops of Pakistan are wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane. These major crops  contributed 7. %  Ã‚  last year against the set target of 4. 5%. Minor crops  are canola, onions, mangoes and pulses which contributed 3. 6% as there was no virus attac k last year. Fishery and Forestry contributes 16. 6% and 8. 8% respectively. Though the  agricultural sector is facing problems in Pakistan yet  the major chunk of money comes from this sector. Following are the major causes of agricultural problems in Pakistan which disturb the agricultural growth or development in Pakistan. Firstly,No mechanism has been adopted to eradicate the soil erosion and even after harvesting nothing is done to improve or restore the soil energy. Therefore, the fertility of soil  is decreasing day by day. The  thickness of fertile layer of soil in Pakistan is more  than 6 inches but the average yield is lower than other countries where layer of fertile soil is only 4 inches. Secondly, water wastage is very high in our country. The archaic method of flood irrigation is still in practice in whole of the country which wastes almost 50 to 60 percent of water. A new irrigation system called drip  irrigation system has been introduced in many parts of the world. This not only saves water  but also gives proper quantity f water according to the needs of plants. Thirdly, owing old methods of cultivation and harvesting, Pakistan has low yield per acre that means the average crop in Pakistan is just 1/4th of that of advance states. Where as Nepal, India and Bangladesh are using  modern   scientific  methods to increase their yield per acre. For this purpose, these states are using modern machines  to improve their yie ld. Fourthly,  the small farmers are increasing in our country as the lands are dividing generation by generation. So, there are large number of farmers who own only 4 acres of land. These small farmers do not get credit facilities to purchase seeds, pesticides, fertilizers etc. Additionally, a large area of land is owned by feudals and the farmers who work on  their lands,  are just tenants. This uncertain situation of occupancy  neither creates incentive of work nor does attract capital investment. Fifthly,water logging and salinity  is increasing day by day. No effective measures have been taken to curb it. As the storage capacity of the dams is decreasing so the water availability per acre is also decreasing. Therefore, the farmers are installing more and more tube wells to irrigate their crops. This is why salinity is becoming the major issue in most parts of Punjab and Sindh. Sixthly,focusing more on land, crops and yield problems the man behind the plough is always ignored. While formulating the 5 or 10 years plan, no emphasize has been laid on the importance of solving the problems of farmers. Most of the farmers are illiterate, poor and ignorant. In this wake the loans issued by ADBP or other banks are used by them in other fields like repayment of debts, marriage of daughters etc, in spite of its befitting use in agricultural sector. Lastly, The only mean of communication in rural areas is T. V or radio so it is urgently needed on the part of these mass communication resources to air the programmes related to the new agricultural techniques and allied sciences. But these programmes should be telecast in regional or local languages. Because lack of guidance is  the main reason of farmers backwardness. The communication gap  between well qualified experts and simple farmers have not been bridged. Availability of these experts is not ensured in rural areas as they are reluctant to go there. Pakistan is rich in fertile land yet the land is being wasted in different ways. 79. 6% million hectors of land is  culturable where as only 20. 43% million hectors is cultivated. The reason can be described in two points. 1. A major area is owned by feudals. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so only that part is cultivated  which is easy to manage, the rest is left ignored. 2. The rise of industrialization has given threat to this sector. People are migrating to cities and cities are expanding, thus new towns and colonies are constructed on fertile lands. The irrigation system of Pakistan needs improvement as about 67% of the land is irrigated with canals. Apart form these issues the monopoly of Foreign Big Wigs and false policies of government cannot be ignored. Monopoly Of Foreign Companies: The pesticides companies are sorting partnership with â€Å"World Bank†. These companies are selling adulterated but expensive pesticides to a poor farmer thus leaving him helpless. These pesticides are not only hazardous for health but also a filling the pockets of companies. By moving according to world bank these companies are gaining their own aims. Moreover there is a conflict of interests. It is not ensured that either the company conducting agreement is basically trying to get access to international market or just working according to their aims. 91% of genetically engineered (GE) seeds is made and owned by one US Company called Monsanto. The vast majority of consumers around the world are against GE foods and crop as GE has been associated with health risks, loss of biodiversity, increased use of toxic weed killers and other environmental problems. 85% of GE crops are concentrated in just 3 countries i-e United States, Argentina and Canada. Globally G. E crops cover less than one percent of arable land. Farmer around the world have experienced problems with Monsanto’s BT cotton. Researchers from Cornell University reported that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to secondary pests. After seven years, populations of other insects such as mi rids, have increased so much that farmers are now having to spray their crops up to 20 times  per season to control them, according to the study of 481 Chinese farmers in five major cotton producing provinces. This cotton seed does not show any resistance against virus attacks and needs 8 months to give yield thus no other crop can be cultivated on that land. This seed of cotton needs more water. Therefore, Pakistan  has asked Monsanto to provide seeds which consume less water as  Pakistan is moving towards the abyss of water shortage. It is a notorious organization that took the farmers to courts many times as it did not give ownership right to farmers to preserve seed. Even the seed of harvested crop cannot be used again for cultivation. Monopoly of Monsanto is clear when it is selling seed at RS 1700 per kg to Pakistan and RS 700 per kg to India. Glaringly, the Indian ministry of health asking to ban B. T cotton seed whereas in Kerala Orrisa it is already banned. Not to ignore the gloomy side of this organization is that in the Vietnam where it provided â€Å"Agent Orange† dioxin bomb to U. S that is responsible for sever skin and genetic diseases. Non-comprehensice Policies Of Pakistan:18 billion in budget was allocated for agricultural sector of Pakistan but the withdrawal of subsidy on pesticides and electricity on the conditions of IMF has done serious damage to this sector. Whereas America and European Union are giving a huge amount of subsidy to their farmers and that is a greatest hurdle in the implementation of W. T. O rules. Additionally, price policy is very weak. In Punjab sugar cane is sold 200 Rs. per 40 kilograms. It was  purchased and later on stocked  by Industrialist in their stores. When Brazil bought sugarcane from  International Market and prices become high, the Pakistan sugar mills owners projected demand of selling sugar at high prices, thus Pakistan faced sugar crisis. Then Pakistan had to import Sugar at high prices therefore, the prices of sugar went high in local markets. Solutions For Agricultural Problems In Pakistan: 1. Feudalism should be abolished and lands should be allotted to poor farmers. This will enhance the productivity and per acre yield of all the crops in Pakistan. Taxes should  be  levied on Agricultural income but not without devising limit of land holding. Other wise it would directly effect poor farmers. 2. Federal Seed Certification and Federal Seed Registration is approved but it should taken responsible steps in approving seeds as it has already approved 36 new kinds of seeds. Specially, those seeds should be banned which can create pest problem in near future. These seeds are of cotton mainly. International seed makers are providing those seeds which are not successful in our country as these seeds are not tested on our soil. 3. A new Agricultural policy must be framed in which following steps should be focussed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small farmer must be focused. The major problems of small farmers should be solved first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumer friendly policy must be projected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Productivity enhancement programme must be constituted to adjust and support prices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different Agricultural zones should be introduced. As Multan in famous for its Mangoes and citrus fruits so it must be made Mango, citrus zone by which Perishable products  should be exported. This would enhance agro based industry and increase foreign reserves. Pakistan Agricultural storage Services Corporation needs to take steps in this regard.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Corporate farming like giving lands to Mitehels, Nestle and Multinational companies is also a good idea that will also help those who own a large area of fertile land but can’t manage it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surplus vegetables and fruits must be exported. A Rs 39 million scheme has been approved for the current fiscal year for establishment of agro export processing zone for fruits, vegetables and flowers. This will also help in commercializing agriculture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Latest mechinery should be provided to the farmers to increase the per acre yield. This provision should be on easy installments so that the farmers can avoid the burden of loans. If possible subsidy should be given by the government of modern machinery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modern techniques of irrigation can solve the problems of irrigation in Pakistan. This includes drip irrigation and  sprinkle irrigation methods. By using this technique the farmers can save a huge some of money which he pays for irrigation through tubew ells and tracktors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More dams should be constructed on Indus, Jehlum and Chenab rivers. This will enhance the storage capacity of water and reduce the per acre cost of all the crops. This step will also reduce the salinity chances of the lands as less tubewell water will be flooded to the lands which cause salinity.